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Doctoral Degree
A doctoral degree or doctorate is an academic degree of the highest level. Traditionally, the award of a doctorate implies recognition of the candidate as an equal by the university faculty under which he or she has studied. There are essentially three types of doctorates:first-professional (USA only), research, and honorary. Research doctorates are nearly always awarded in recognition of academic research that is of a publishable standard (even if not actually published) and represents at least a modest contribution to human knowledge. It is usually assessed by submission and defense of a doctoral thesis or dissertation, though in some cases a coherent body of published literature can be accepted instead. Honorary doctorates are awarded for a substantial contribution to a field but this need not be academic in character.
The title of Doctor is used both by and of those holding research doctorates or some professional (usually medical) degrees, but according to convention is not used by or of those holding honorary doctorates. Additionally, in the United States while a person with a research doctorate would use the title "Doctor" in an academic or research/development setting, and in publication, he would generally not use the title if working in a corporate setting.General information
In the United States, first-professional doctoral degrees are first degrees in a given field and include: Chiropractic, Dentistry, Law, Medicine, Optometry, Osteopathy, Pharmacy, Physical Therapy, Podiatry, Psychology and Veterinary medicine. There are many others. Although these degrees may be both the initial and terminal degree in their field, students seeking to enter degree programs for them must have already completed a Bachelors degree, usually in a related field.First-professional doctoral degrees such as the M.D. and J.D. do not require completion of a thesis/dissertation or publication of a coherent body of literature. The normal minimum term for a first-professional doctorate can be as little as 3 years past secondary education. These "first-professional" doctoral degrees therefore lack the status of the research doctorates. Actual practice within the field requires that the degree holder become licensed by the appropriate body (an organization not affiliated with the schools granting the degrees) and registration can require a certain amount of work experience.The most common type of research doctorate is a Ph.D. (Philosophiae Doctor or Doctor of Philosophy), though there are many other designations, listed below. Minimum periods for research doctorates vary considerably: In the UK and USA the minimum time for completing a Ph.D. is usually 3 years from time of enrollment (which usually takes place after the award of a bachelor's or master's degree). Although completions within this period are possible, most candidates take considerably longer, with a common average of roughly 7.5 years often seen in the USA for the 'hard' sciences, such as physics, engineering, and chemistry. A shorter span of time in the USA is often seen in the 'soft' sciences such as sociology and anthropology.Although the Ph.D. is almost universally accepted currently as the standard qualification for an academic career, it is a relatively new invention. The older-style doctorates (now usually called "Higher Doctorates" in the United Kingdom) take much longer to complete, since candidates must show themselves to be leading experts in their subjects. These doctorates are now becoming rare, and are usually only awarded as Honorary degrees. In France, the higher doctorate was suppressed and replaced for academic recruitment purposes by the much lighter "habilitation to direct theses".List of Doctorates
First-Degree (or First-professional) Doctorates
- D.C. (Doctor of Chiropractic)
- D.D.S. (Doctor of Dental Surgery)
- J.D. (Juris Doctor or Doctor of Law)
- M.D. (Medicinae Doctor or Doctor of Medicine) (US)
- D.P.T. (Doctor of Physical Therapy)
- D.O. (Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine)
- D.P.M. (Doctor of Podiatric Medicine)
- D.M.D. (Doctor of Dental Medicine)
- D.V.M. (Doctor of Veterinary Medicine)
- Psy.D. (Doctor of Psychology)
- Pharm.D. (Doctor of Pharmacy)
- O.D. (Optometry Doctor or Doctor of Optometry)
Research oriented doctorates
While the Ph.D. is the most common doctoral degree, and even often (mis)understood to be synonymous with the term "doctorate", the U.S. Department of Education and the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) recognize numerous doctoral degrees as equivalent, and do not discriminate between them:- Doctor of Arts (D.A.)
- Doctor of Architecture (D.Arch.)
- Doctor of Applied Science (D.A.S.)
- Doctor of Business Administration (D.B.A.)
- Doctor of Chemistry (D.Chem.)
- Doctor of Criminal Justice (D.C.J.)
- Doctor of Comparative/Civil Law (D.C.L.)
- Doctor of Computer Science (D.C.S.)
- Doctor of Criminology (D.Crim.)
- Doctor of Education (Ed.D.)
- Doctor of Environmental Design (D.E.D.)
- Doctor of Engineering (D.Eng.)
- Doctor of Environment (D.Env.)
- Doctor of Engineering Science (D.E.Sc./Sc.D.E.)
- Doctor of Forestry (D.F.)
- Doctor of Fine Arts (D.F.A.)
- Doctor of Geological Science (D.G.S.)
- Doctor of Hebrew Literature/Letters (D.H.L.)
- Doctor of Health and Safety (D.H.S.)
- Doctor of Hebrew Studies (D.H.S.)
- Doctor of Industrial Technology (D.I.T.)
- Doctor of Information Technology (D.I.T.)
- Doctor of Juridical Science (S.J.D.)
- Doctor of Liberal Studies (D.L.S.)
- Doctor of Library Science (D.L.S.)
- Doctor of Music (D.M.)
- Doctor of Musical Arts (D.M.A., A.Mus.D.)
- Doctor of Musical Education (D.M.E.)
- Doctor of Ministry (D.Min./D.M.)
- Doctor of Modern Languages (D.M.L.)
- Doctor of Music Ministry (D.M.M.)
- Doctor of Medical Science (D.M.Sc.)
- Doctor of Nursing Science (D.N.Sc.)
- Doctor of Public Administration (D.P.A.)
- Doctor of Physical Education (D.P.E.)
- Doctor of Public Health (Dr.P.H.)
- Doctor of Professional Studies (D.P.S.)
- Doctor of Design (Dr.DES.)
- Doctor of Religious Education (D.R.E.)
- Doctor of Recreation (D.Rec./D.R.)
- Doctor of Science (D.Sc./Sc.D.)
- Doctor of Science in Dentistry (D.Sc.D.)
- Doctor of Science and Hygiene (D.Sc.H.)
- Doctor of Science in Veterinary Medicine (D.Sc.V.M.)
- Doctor of Sacred Music (D.S.M.)
- Doctor of Social Science (D.S.Sc.)
- Doctor of Social Work (D.S.W.)
- Doctor of Canon Law (J.C.D.)
- Doctor of the Science of Law (L.Sc.D.)
- Doctor of Rehabilitation (Rh.D.)
- Doctor of Sacred Theology (S.T.D.)
- Doctor of Theology (Th.D.)
Featured Programs [46, page 4 of 5]
Ph.D. in Public Policy and Administration / Public Safety Management Degree
The emergency situations we face in today�s complex environment call for a new leadership approach. Walden�s specialization in Public Safety Management offers emergency response professionals the skills to lead, manage, and motivate others during emergencies; to build confident and capable teams; and to address challenging ethical situations that may arise during the course of duty.
Teacher Leadership Degree
The Teacher Leadership specialization is designed for K�12 teachers who want to continue teaching while assuming leadership roles in their school and community. It focuses on the "teacher as leader" and empowers experienced master teachers to effect change and improve student learning. The program is based on standards developed by the Interstate School Leaders Licensure Consortium and the...
Civil Engineering Degree
The State University of New York, University of Buffalo engineering program offers Civil Engineering degrees at the Bachelor, Master, and Doctorate levels. The program focuses on the construction of buildings, bridges, transportation systems, water, and waste-water systems. The Civil Engineering program can be combined with other degrees for a dual-major; this option is only available to...
Computer Science and Software Engineering Degree
The Computer Science and Software Engineering program at Auburn University implements a dynamic and energetic faculty committed to delivering high quality instruction and research, thus enabling students to achieve their ambitions. A state of the art Engineering Center is scheduled to be completed in the Fall of 2007, bringing into fruition a collegial atmosphere where students can flourish. The...
Counseling / Family Therapy Degree
The Family Therapy department at Southern Christian University provides students with advance skills and technical knowledge necessary to be proficient in the field. The interpretation and implementation of ministry to the Family Therapy field is also exercised. Graduates will be prepared to be a member of the American Association of Pastoral Counselors (AAPC).
Dental Hygenist Degree
Allegany College of Maryland’s Dental Hygiene program provides a quality educational experience. Subsequently, graduates are fully committed to their profession as oral health care providers. The program instills a philosophy of life-long learning, ethical decision-making, and mind-body-spirit development. Their mission: to create well-rounded individuals who are capable of fulfilling multiple...
Doctor of Business Administration Degree
The Doctor of Business Administration (DBA) degree program offered by the University of Phoenix provides learners with a professional masters degree a means of exploring their personal readiness to become leaders in management professions. Learners gain a mastery of business administration literature and demonstrate their competence by applying this knowledge to current business environments. As...
Doctor of Education / Curriculum and Instruction Degree
The Doctor of Education in Curriculum and Instruction will prepare learners to become instructional leaders who will strategically manage and lead processes related to curriculum, instruction, and assessment. Graduates will demonstrate both practical and scholarly knowledge in their use of analytical, critical, and innovative thinking to improve the performance of educational institutions. The...
Doctor of Education in Educational Leadership Degree
The Doctor of Education in Educational Leadership (Ed.D.) will prepare learners to become transformational leaders who will strategically manage and lead complex educational organizations. Graduates will be educational practitioners who demonstrate analytical, critical, and innovative thinking to improve the performance of educational institutions. The Doctor of Education in Educational Leadership...
Doctor of Health Administration Degree
The Doctor of Health Administration (DHA) program prepares leaders to respond effectively to the dynamic and ever-changing health care industry. These individuals will have a capacity to critically examine and evaluate issues and trends and feel empowered to influence the destiny of the health care system.